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日期：2024-03-25 12:04

Project 1: Combining Data from Multiple Sources Introduction

Finance research often requires assembling a data set from different sources. In many cases, the source data is not formatted such that it can be imported easily into Python for analysis. This assessment helps you develop the foundational skills of data acquisition, cleaning, and merging. You will combine stock price information distributed across many files and produce the output as a JSON file. We ask you to write general code, such that it can adapt easily to different file formats.

Writing general code can be a daunting exercise at first. However, it is in your best interest to practice writing functions that can adapt to different configurations. Doing so makes your code more robust, easier to maintain, and upgradeable.

To help you, we have provided a Python scaffold. This file, called zid_project1.py contains all the functions needed for this project. Each function has a detailed docstring describing what the function does, the input parameters, and the object it returns.

The remainder of this document provide information on:

? The data files you will receive.

? Instructions to set up your development environment in PyCharm.

? Detailed step-by-step instructions required to complete the assessment. Please follow these instructions closely. Our ability to evaluate your work requires that you do so.

You should develop your code within PyCharm. Submission, however, will be through Ed. You will only need to copy your zid_project1.py file into Ed. Unlike the code challenges you have done so far, Ed will not provide you any feedback on your code. You can still submit multiple times before the deadline – Only your final submission on Ed will be marked.

The Source Files

All required files are included in a zip folder with the following structure:

project1/

|   project_desc.pdf

| README.txt

|   TICEKRS.txt

|   zid_project1.py

|___data/

|   |   <tic>_prc.dat

<-- This is the only file you need to submit

<-- Several files of this type

? zid_project1.py contains the functions you will use in this assessment. Some of the functions are already written, while others you will need to write. Please see the instructions below for more information.

? README.txt contains information about how the stock data is stored in the .dat files. Please use the information contained the README.txt file you received (there are different versions for different students).

? TICKERS.txt contains a list of tickers and their corresponding exchanges, one per line. These tickers and exchanges may be in upper or lower case.

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? project_desc.pdf is a PDF version of this document.

? data is a sub-folder containing all the data you will need to complete this assessment. Inside this folder you will find many files. Each <tic>_prc.dat contains stock price data for the ticker <tic>. Every ticker in TICKERS.txt will have a corresponding “.dat” file. However, you may have more “.dat” files than tickers in the TICKERS.txt file. In other words, you may have more “.dat” files than you will need (but not fewer).

Instructions

To set up your PyCharm for this assessment, please follow the following steps:

1. Unzip the contents of the zip file onto your computer.

2. Copy/move the entire project1 folder into your PyCharm toolkit project folder. Afterwards, your toolkit folder will look like:

toolkit/

|   toolkit_config.py

|   ...

|___project1/

<-- Project folder

<-- Already created

<-- Contents of the zipped folder

| |

| |

| |

| | ||

| |___data/

|   |   |   <tic>_prc.dat

project_desc.pdf

README.txt

TICEKRS.txt

zid_project1.py

3. Complete the user-written functions in zid_project1.py. See the step-by-step instructions in Com- pleting the Code Scaffold below.

4. After you have completed the zid_project1.py module in PyCharm, copy and paste the entire con- tents of this module to Ed. This is the only file you will need to submit to complete this assessment.

5. Press “Submit” to submit your project. Your project will not be submitted until you do so.

Completing the Code Scaffold

After setting up your PyCharm development environment with the project files (see instructions above), modify the zid_project1.py module by taking the the steps described below, in sequence. The completed code will produce a JSON containing the combined contents of several files. You do not need to submit this JSON file.

Step 1: Set the location of files and folders (3 marks)

Open the zid_project1.py module in PyCharm.

Set the correct expressions for the constants ROOTDIR, DATDIR, and TICPATH as described below. Importantly, you should not include forward slashes or backslashes when defining these variables (so no “C:\User. . .”, etc. . . ). Instead, you should use the appropriate methods from the os module.

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? The ROOTDIR variable combines the base location of the toolkit project folder (which is already specified in your toolkit_config.py module) and the project1 package.

? The DATDIR variable combines the location in ROOTDIR above and the data sub-folder. Note that this is a different variable than the DATADIR included in your toolkit_config.py module. The name of the DATDIR variable is a combination of “DAT” and “DIR” (not “DATA” + “DIR”), and it points to a different location in your computer.

? The TICPATH variable combines the location in ROOTDIR and the name of the file with the tickers (TICKERS.txt).

Again, all these paths should be created using the appropriate methods from the os module. If you include any forward or backward slashes in the definition of these variables your code will only run in your computer. A big part of this assessment is to make sure your code is portable.

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The diagram below presents the relation between these variables and their locations. Again, do not use full paths (like “C:\Users. . .”) to create these variables.

toolkit/

|   toolkit_config.py

|   ...

|___project1/

|   |   ...

|   |   TICEKRS.txt

|   |   ...

|   |   zid_project1.py

|   |___data/

|   |   |   ...

<-- You already created this module

<-- `ROOTDIR` variable poitns to this folder

<-- `TICPATH` variables |points to this file

<-- `DATDIR` variable |points to this folder

Note: All you have to do for this part is to replace the strings "<COMPLETE THIS PART>" with the appropriate expressions.

Step 2: Set the variables describing the format of the source data (2 marks)

This part of the project is very important! Make sure you follow these instructions closely.

Before we start, open one of the “.dat” files in PyCharm. To do that, just navigate to the toolkit/project1/data/ folder (inside PyCharm) and double click on one of the files. You will notice the following:

1. There are no column headers. Every line in this file (including the first one) contains data.

2. There is no “separator” between columns (e.g., columns are not separated by comma, tabs, etc. . . ). Instead, columns have a fixed width – For example, the first 10 characters belong to column 1, the next 8 to column 2, etc. . .

This means we have to create a function to split the lines into columns, so that each “value” is assigned to its correct “data field”. The first step is to set the correct expressions for the variables COLUMNS and COLWIDTHS.

? The COLUMNS variable must be a list, where each element represents a source column name in the README.txt file. The order of the elements in this list must match the order of the columns in the README.txt file. For instance, suppose you have the following information in the README.txt file:

# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

#   Column information

# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Close:

 column position: 1

 width: 14

Date:

 column position: 2

 width: 11

In this case, you must set COLUMNS = ['Close', 'Date'].

? The COLWIDTHS variable must be a dictionary. Each key is a column name in COLUMNS. Each value is the width of this column in the README.txt file. In the example above, you would set COLSWIDTH = {'Close': 14, 'Date': 11}.

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Step 3: Complete the get_tics function (15 marks)

Complete the indicated part of the function get_tics. This function reads a file with tickers and returns a list with formatted tickers. Make sure the function works with the given pth variable and not the constant TICPATH (i.e., there should be no reference to the TICPATH constant inside this function). We will test your code using different files. Using TICPATH instead of pth inside get_tics means that your function always returns the same tickers instead of adapting to different possible ticker lists.

Your function must be consistent with the docstring provided. In particular, please make sure the body of the function is consistent with the “Parameters” and “Returns” sections of the docstring. The only exception is the optional suggestions provided in the “Hints” section, which you do not need to follow.

Your module also includes a test function called _test_get_tics. After you finish creating the get_tics function, it is a good idea to run the _test_get_tics function and look at the output. That should give you a good indication if your function is performing as expected. You can uncomment the relevant part of the if __name__ ... code block to run this test function. Like all other test functions provided, you can modify or delete these functions – they will not be marked.

Step 4: Complete the read_dat function (5 marks)

Complete the indicated part of the function read_dat. This function reads a stock price data file for a given ticker and returns its contents as a list of lines. Please make sure the body of the function is consistent with the “Parameters” and “Returns” sections of the docstring. You may choose to follow the proposed steps in the “Hints” section but that is optional.

Remember not to use literals with full paths like “C:\Users. . .” inside the body of the function (or anywhere in the module). You can use the constants you created in step 1 above (e.g., DATDIR) and methods from the os module to create paths. You can use the corresponding “test” function _test_read_dat to test this function once its completed.

Step 5: Complete the line_to_dict function (10 marks)

Complete the indicated part of the function line_to_dict. The same instructions provided for the get_tics

and read_dat functions above apply to this function as well. Step 6: Complete the verify_tickers function (10 marks)

Complete the indicated part of the function verify_tickers. This function takes in a list of tickers to be verified, and raises an Exception if any of the tickers provided is not a key of the dictionary returned by the get_tics function. Further details on when to raise an Exception are provided in the “Notes” section of the docstring.

An Exception is an action that disrupts the normal flow of a program. This action is often representative of an error being thrown. Exceptions are ways that we can elegantly recover from errors.

To learn more about raising an Exception, you may refer to the following resource:/ https://www.w3schools. com/python/gloss_python_raise.asp

Step 7: Complete the verify_cols function (10 marks)

Complete the indicated part of the function verify_cols. This function takes in a list of column names to be verified, and raises an Exception if any of the column names provided are not found in COLUMNS. Further details on when to raise an Exception are provided in the “Notes” section of the docstring.

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Step 8: Complete the create_data_dict function (15 marks)

Complete the indicated part of the function create_data_dict. This function is used to transform the data

found in the “.dat” files into a single dictionary. This function takes in 3 arguments:

1. tic_exchange_dic

? A dictionary returned by the get_tics function.

2. tickers_lst

? A list containing tickers (as strings) whose data we want to save in the dictionary returned by

create_data_dict. 3. col_lst

? A list of the columns (as strings) that we want to save in the dictionary returned by create_data_dict.

An example of how the returned dictionary should look like when we call create_data_dict(tic_exchange_dic, ['aapl', 'baba'], ['Date', 'Close']) is provided below:

{

'aapl': {

       'exchange': 'nasdaq',

       'data': [

           {

               'Date': '2020-01-01',

               'Close': '8.0927',

}, {

               'Close': '8.2784',

           },

... ]

}, 'baba': {

       'exchange': 'nyse',

       'data': [

           {

               'Date': '2017-05-13',

               'Close': '3.4939',

}, {

               'Close': '3.5689',

           },

... ]

} }

'Date': '2020-01-01',

'Date': '2017-05-14',

? Each dictionary found in a ticker’s data list should only contain the columns specified by col_list. 6

? The data list for each ticker should contain a dictionary for each line of the “.dat” file for that ticker. Note: The numbers used in the above example are entirely arbitrary for illustrative purposes only.

Step 9: Complete the create_json function (5 marks)

Complete the indicated part of the function create_json. This function saves a given dictionary into JSON file. To learn more about how to write data to a JSON file, take a look at the documentation for the following methods from the built-in Python package json:

? json.dump ? json.dumps

Step 10: Open-ended question (25 marks)

? Explain why to configure as in step 1 (5 marks).

? From step 9, we can obtain a JSON file that contains ticker names, listed exchanges, trading volume, and stock prices, and compute stock returns from stock prices. Suppose we have an extra variable to proxy the journalists’ views about the firm performance, and we are interested in evaluating 2 alternative hypotheses:

? Whether the articles journalists wrote are based on:

1. Investors’ evaluations of those firms?

2. Valuable information beyond firm fundamentals?

? Suppose we have observed the following:

– When the articles contain relatively more negative words,

– Stock returns decrease in the short run with no reversal in the long run.

? Explain which one of the two hypotheses is more likely to be true. Please evaluate both hypotheses.

(15 marks)

? Given the hypothesis you have chosen, evaluate the short-run predictability for the trading volume with reason(s). (5 marks)

Submit your module

Copy and paste the entire content of your zid_project1.py to Ed and press “Submit”. Ed will not mark your project automatically or give you any feedback. After you submit, we will be able to mark your project.

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Administrative Guidelines, Additional Hints, Marking

Administrative Guidelines

We will enforce the following:

1. This assessment must be completed individually. Failure to complete the assignment on your own may result in a full loss of marks.

2. Late submissions are allowed, but will be penalised according to the rules described in the course outline.

Hints

Your code should be portable, working in a variety of settings. It should be sufficient to copy your code from PyCharm to Ed for submission. However, as part of this assessment, you need to make sure that your code works on our computer as well as on yours.

The following hints should help you correct any portability mistakes:

1. The contents of your zid_project1.py module must not contain any direct reference to folders in your computer. Variables that define paths should not contain any forward or backslashes. Of course, the variables you defined in your toolkit_config.py module (which you do not have to submit) do contain forward or backslashes (depending on your operating system). This is one of the reasons why we created this file to begin with.

2. Similarly, you should not include strings with specific tickers in zid_project1.py module (e.g., “TSLA”, “AAPL”). For instance, you should not create a variable called tickers and then copy the specific tickers you received in your TICKERS.txt file. Instead, your code should read the TICKERS.txt file, produce a list of tickers, and store that in a variable.

3. When writing functions in the file zid_project1.py:

? Do not modify the function names or the parameters.

? Only modify the parts indicated by the “<COMPLETE THIS PART>” tag.

? You do not need to import any other module. Please do not modify the import statements.

? You should not create any additional constants. The constants that exist in the file (ROOTDIR, DATDIR,

TICPATH, COLUMNS, and COLWIDTHS) should be edited as instructed.

? The “test” functions are included to help you test the code as you work through the project. These

functions will not be marked, and you may change them as necessary to suit your needs. Test functions are clearly identified in the file with names starting with _test.

4. Use all the parameters in a function declaration. For example, the function get_tics(pth) has the single parameter pth. Make sure that your function uses this parameter and not a global variable.

5. Only submit the zid_project1.py module. Make sure your code works with this module only. No other modules can be submitted.

How we will mark your assessment

The following parts of this assessment will be marked: 1. Location of files and folders (3 marks)

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2. Set the variables describing the format of the source data (2 marks) 3. Complete the get_tics function (15 marks)

4. Complete the read_dat function (5 marks)

5. Complete the line_to_dict function (10 marks)

6. Complete the verify_tickers function (10 marks) 7. Complete the verify_cols function (10 marks)

8. Complete the create_data_dict function (15 marks) 9. Complete the create_json function (5 marks)

10. Open-ended question (25 marks)

To receive full credit for parts 1 and 2, your variables must:

1. Have the correct type (e.g., COLWIDTHS must be a dictionary)

2. Include the correct values (e.g., the order of the columns in COLUMNS must match the one specified in

your README.TXT file,

3. Follow all the instructions in this file (e.g., no forward or backslashes in TICPATH).

To receive full credit in parts 3 - 9, your functions must:

1. Return the correct object type (described in the docstring)

2. Return the correct information from the TICKERS.txt, README.txt, and “.dat” files you received. 3. Not violate any of the rules we specified in this document or in the docstring

4. If your function opens a file, you must use a context manager.

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