代做MATH2110、代写c/c++，Python程序

日期：2025-03-15 10:26

The University of Nottingham

SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

SPRING SEMESTER SEMESTER 2025

MATH2110 - STATISTICS 3

Coursework 1

Deadline: 3pm, Friday 14/3/2025

Your neat, clearly-legible solutions should be submitted electronically as a Jupyter or PDF file via the MATH2110

Moodle page by the deadline indicated there. As this work is assessed, your submission must be entirely your

own work (see the University’s policy on Academic Misconduct).

Submissions up to five working days late will be subject to a penalty of 5% of the maximum mark per working

day.

Deadline extensions due to Support Plans and Extenuating Circumstances can be requested according to

School and University policies, as applicable to this module. Because of these policies, solutions (where

appropriate) and feedback cannot normally be released earlier than 10 working days after the main cohort

submission deadline.

Please post any academic queries in the corresponding Moodle forum, so that everyone receives the same

assistance. As it’s assessed work, I will only be able to answer points of clarification.

The work is intended to be approximately equal to a week’s worth of study time on the module for a student

who has worked through the module content as intended - including the R aspects. If you have any issues

relating to your own personal circumstances, then please email me.

THE DATA

The objective is to build a predictive model for the median house price in Boston neighbourhoods using various

neighbourhood characteristics. Median house price is a crucial indicator for urban planning and economic

studies. It is important to understand how different social indicators affect it. To this end, the dataset we will

analyse here contains detailed records of 506 neighbourhoods, capturing factors such as crime rates, age of

the properties, etc.

The training and test data are provided in the files BostonTrain.csv and BostonTest.csv available at the Moodle

page. The train file contains observations for 404 neighbourhoods. The target variable is medv, median value

of houses in thousands of dollars. The predictors include:

• crim, which contains the per capita crime rate by town.

• zn, which contains the proportion of residential land.

• rm, which contains the average number of rooms per house.

• age, which contains the proportion of houses built before 1940.

• dis, which contains distances to large employment centres.

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• ptratio, which contains the student-teacher ratio by town.

• lstat, which contains the percentage of lower-status population.

The test data is provided in the file BostonTest.csv, containing observations for 102 neighbourhoods. The

test data should only be used to evaluate the predictive performance of your models.

THE TASKS

(a) (80 marks) Using only the training data (BostonTrain.csv), develop one or more models to predict the

median house price (medv) based on the predictor variables. You may use any methods covered in this

module. For this part, the test data must not be used. Your analysis should include:

– Model selection and justification.

– Diagnostics to assess the quality of your model(s).

– Interpretation of the model parameters. Which parameters seem to have a greater importance for

prediction?

(b) (20 marks) Use your “best” model(s) from (a) to predict the median house price (medv) for the neighbourhoods

in the test dataset (BostonTest.csv). Provide appropriate numerical summaries and plots to evaluate the

quality of your predictions. Compare your predictions to those of a simple linear model of the form:

medv ∼ crim.

NOTES

• An approximate breakdown of marks for part (a) is: exploratory analysis (20 marks), model selection

(40 marks), model checking and discussion (20 marks). About half the marks for each are for doing

technically correct and relevant things, and half for discussion and interpretation of the output. However,

this is only a guide, and the work does not have to be rigidly set out in this manner. There is some natural

overlap between these parts, and overall level of presentation and focus of the analysis are also important

in the assessment. The above marks are also not indicative of the relative amount of output/discussion

needed for each part, it is the quality of what is produced/discussed which matters.

• As always, the first step should be to do some exploratory analysis. However, you do not need to go

overboard on this. Explore the data yourself, but you only need to report the general picture, plus any

findings you think are particularly important.

• For the model fitting/selection, you can use any of the frequentist techniques we have covered to investigate

potential models - automated methods can be used to narrow down the search, but you can still use

hypothesis tests, e.g. if two different automated methods/criteria suggest slightly different models.

• Please make use of the help files for 𝑅 commands. Some functions may require you to change their

arguments a little from examples in the notes, or behaviour/output can be controlled by setting optional

arguments.

• You should check the model assumptions and whether conclusions are materially affected by any influential

data points.

• The task is deliberately open-ended: as this is a realistic situation with real data, there is not one single

correct answer, and different selection methods may suggest different “best” models - this is normal.

Your job is to investigate potential models using the information and techniques we have covered. The

important point is that you correctly use some of the relevant techniques in a logical and principled

manner, and provide a concise but insightful summary of your findings and reasoning. Note however

that you do not have to produce a report in a formal “report” format.

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• You do not need to include all your 𝑅 output, as you will likely generate lots of output when experimenting.

For example, you may look at quite a large number of different plots and you might do lots of experimentation

in the model development stage. You only need to report the important plots/output which justify your

decisions and conclusions, and whilst there is no word or page limit, an overly-verbose analysis with

unnecessary output will detract from the impact.

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