代写ECON7310、R编程设计代写

日期：2022-11-04 08:46

ECON7310: Elements of Econometrics

Instruction

Answer all questions following a similar format of the answers to your tutorial questions. When

you use R to conduct empirical analysis, you should show your R script(s) and outputs (e.g.,

screenshots for commands, tables, and figures, etc.). You will lose 2 points whenever you fail to

provide R commands and outputs. When you are asked to explain or discuss something, your

response should be brief and compact. To facilitate tutors’ grading work, please clearly label

all your answers. You should upload your research report (in PDF or Word format) via the

“Turnitin” submission link (in the “Research Project 3” folder under “Assessment”) by 11:59

AM on the due date November 7, 2022. Do not hand in a hard copy. You are allowed to work

on this assignment in groups; that is, you can discuss how to answer these questions with your

group members. However, this is not a group assignment, which means that you must answer

all the questions in your own words and submit your report separately. The marking system will

check the similarity, and UQ’s student integrity and misconduct policies on plagiarism apply.

A. IV Regression (55 points)

Background

To examine the quantity theory of money, Brumm (2005)1 specifies the inflation equation

inflat = β0 + β1money + β2output + u, (1)

where inflat is the growth rate of the general price level, money is the growth rate of the

money supply, and output is the growth rate of national output. Economic theory suggests

that β1 = 1 and β2 = ?1. The dataset brumm.csv consists of 1995 data on 76 countries.

Research Questions

1. (12 points) It is argued that output may be endogenous. Four instrumental variables

are proposed, initial = initial level of real GDP, school = a measure of the population’s

educational attainment, inv = average investment share of GDP, and poprate = average

population growth rate.

(a) Give an intuitive explanation as to why output can be endogenous (4 points).

(b) Explain why the proposed instrumental variables (IV) can be valid (8 points).

2. (5 points) Obtain OLS estimates of the inflation equation (1) and report regression

results (3 points).2 Test the economic theory using the OLS estimates (2 points). Hint:

Use the lm() function.

1Brumm, Harold J. “Money growth, output growth, and inflation: A reexamination of the modern quantity

theory’s Linchpin Prediction.” Southern Economic Journal (2005): 661-667.

2For simplicity, assume the error u in model (1) is homoskedastic.

1

3. (38 points) Consider IV regressions.

(a) Using school as an IV for output, obtain TSLS estimates of the inflation equation

(1) and report regression results (3 points). Test the economic theory using the IV

estimates (2 points). Is school a weak IV (1 point)? Why or why not (2 points)?

Are coefficients of model (1) exactly identified, overidentified, or underidentified (2

points)? Is it possible to test the exogeneity of school as an IV (1 point)? Explain

your answer (2 points). Hint: Read Section 12.3 of SW textbook.

(b) Using school and poprate as IVs, obtain TSLS estimates of the inflation equation

(1) and report regression results (3 points). Test the economic theory using the IV

estimates (2 points). Are coefficients of model (1) exactly identified, overidentified, or

underidentified (2 points)? Does this TSLS regression suffer from weak IV problem

(1 point)? Why or why not (2 points)? Test the exogeneity of school and poprate

as an IV (2 points). Hint: Use the summary() function with option diagnostics =

TRUE.

(c) Using all the four IVs, obtain TSLS estimates of the inflation equation (1) and report

regression results (3 points). Write out the regression equation for the first stage least

square estimation (3 points). Test the economic theory using the IV estimates (2

points). Does this TSLS regression suffer from weak IV problem (1 point)? Explain

your answer (2 points)? Test the exogeneity of these four IVs (2 points).

B. Time Series Regression (45 points)

Use the data in CONSUMP.csv to answer the questions below.

One version of the permanent income hypothesis (PIH) of consumption is that the growth in

consumption is unpredictable. Let gct = log(ct) ? log(ct?1) be the growth in real per capita

consumption (of non-durable goods and services). Then the PIH implies that E[gct|It?1] =

E[gct], where It?1 denotes information known at time t? 1 (e.g., gc1, ..., gct?1); in this case, t

denotes a year.

(a) (5 points) Compute the first five autocorrelations of gct.

(b) (8 points) Test the PIH by estimating gct = β0 +β1gct?1 +ut (2 points).3 Clearly state

the null and alternative hypotheses (4 points). What do you conclude (2 points)?

(c) (7 points) Estimate AR(p) models for p = 1, ..., 5 and report regression results (5 points).

What lag length is chosen by the BIC (1 point)? What lag length is chosen by the AIC

(1 point)?

(d) (12 points) Add variables gyt?1, i3t?1, and inft?1 to the AR model you chose in (c) by

BIC.4 Report the new regression results (4 points). Are these new variables individually

or jointly significant at the 5% level (8 points)?

(e) (6 points) For the regression in (d), what happens to the p-value for the t-statistic on

gct?1 (2 points)? Does this mean the PIH hypothesis is now supported by the data (1

point)? Explain your answer (3 points).

(f) (7 points) For the regression in (d), what is the F -statistic and its associated p-value

for joint significance of the four explanatory variables (3 points)? Does your conclusion

about the PIH now agree with what you found in (b) (1 point)? Explain your answer (3

points).

3You do not need to compute robust standard errors for any time series regressions in this question.

4gyt is the growth in real disposable income, i3t is the interest rate as measured by the return on three-month

T-bill rates, and inft is the inflation rate based on the Consumer Price Index.