string basics代做、代写R编程设计、R语言代做、代写Statistical Computing

日期：2019-11-01 11:28

Homework 5 – Due Saturday, Nov. 2, 2019

Some string basics

? 1a. Define two strings variables, equal to “Statistical Computing” and ‘Statistical Computing’, and

check whether they are equal. What do you conclude about the use of double versus single quotation

marks for creating strings in R? Give an example that shows why might we prefer to use double

quotation marks as the standard (think of apostrophes).

? 1b. Consider the string vector presidents of length 5 below, containing the last names of past US

presidents. Define a string vector first.letters to contain the first letters of each of these 5 last

names. Hint: use substr(), and take advantage of vectorization; this should only require one line

of code. Define first.letters.scrambled to be the output of sample(first.letters). Lastly,

reset the first letter of each last name stored in presidents according to the scrambled letters in

first.letters.scrambled. Hint: use substr() again, and take advantage of vectorization; this should

only take one line of code. Display these new last names.

presidents = c("Clinton", "Bush", "Reagan", "Carter", "Ford")

? 1c. Now consider the string phrase defined below. Using substr(), replace the first four characters in

phrase by “Provide”. Print phrase to the console, and describe the behavior you are observing. Using

substr() again, replace the last five characters in phrase by “kit” (don’t use the length of phrase as

magic constant in the call to substr(), instead, compute the length using nchar()). Print phrase to

the console, and describe the behavior you are observing.

phrase = "Give me a break"

? 1d. Consider the string ingredients defined below. Using strsplit(), split this string up into a

string vector of length 5, with elements “chickpeas”, “tahini”, “olive oil”, “garlic”, and “salt.” Using

paste(), combine this string vector into a single string “chickpeas + tahini + olive oil + garlic + salt”.

Then produce a final string of the same format, but where the ingredients are sorted in alphabetical

(increasing) order.

ingredients = "chickpeas, tahini, olive oil, garlic, salt"

Shakespeare’s complete works

Project Gutenberg offers over 50,000 free online books, especially old books (classic literature), for which

copyright has expired. We’re going to look at the complete works of William Shakespeare, taken from the

Project Gutenberg website.

To avoid hitting the Project Gutenberg server over and over again, we’ve grabbed a text file from them that

contains the complete works of William Shakespeare. You just need to skim through this text file a little bit

to get a sense of what it contains (a whole lot!).

Reading in text, basic exploratory tasks

? 2a. Read in the Shakespeare data linked above into your R session with readLines(). Call the result

shakespeare.lines. This should be a vector of strings, each element representing a “line” of text.

Print the first 5 lines. How many lines are there? How many characters in the longest line? What is the

average number of characters per line? How many lines are there with zero characters (empty lines)?

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? 2b. Remove all empty lines from shakespeare.lines (i.e., lines with zero characters). Check that

that the new length of shakespeare.lines makes sense to you.

? 2c. Collapse the lines in shakespeare.lines into one big string, separating each line by a space in

doing so, using paste(). Call the resulting string shakespeare.all. How many characters does this

string have? How does this compare to the sum of characters in shakespeare.lines, and does this

make sense to you?

? 2d. Split up shakespeare.all into words, using strsplit() with split=" ". Call the resulting

string vector (note: here we are asking you for a vector, not a list) shakespeare.words. How long

is this vector, i.e., how many words are there? Using the unique() function, compute and store the

unique words as shakespeare.words.unique. How many unique words are there?

? 2e. Plot a histogram of the number of characters of the words in shakespeare.words.unique. You

will have to set a large value of the breaks argument (say, breaks=50) in order to see in more detail

what is going on. What does the bulk of this distribution look like to you? Why is the x-axis on the

histogram extended so far to the right (what does this tell you about the right tail of the distribution)?

? 2f. Reminder: the sort() function sorts a given vector into increasing order; its close friend, the

order() function, returns the indices that put the vector into increasing order. Using the order()

function, find the indices that correspond to the top 5 longest words in shakespeare.words.unique.

Then, print the top 5 longest words themselves. Do you recognize any of these as actual words?

Computing word counts

? 3a. Using table(), compute counts for the words in shakespeare.words, and save the result as

shakespeare.wordtab. How long is shakespeare.wordtab, and is this equal to the number of unique

words (as computed above)? Using named indexing, answer: how many times does the word “thou”

appear? The word “rumour”? The word “gloomy”? The word “assassination”?

? 3b. How many words did Shakespeare use just once? Twice? At least 10 times? More than 100 times?

? 3c. Sort shakespeare.wordtab so that its entries (counts) are in decreasing order, and save the result

as shakespeare.wordtab.sorted. Print the 25 most commonly used words, along with their counts.

What is the most common word? Second and third most common words?

? 3d. What you should have seen in the last question is that the most common word is the empty

string “”. This is just an artifact of splitting shakespeare.all by spaces, using strsplit(). Redefine

shakespeare.words so that all empty strings are deleted from this vector. Then recompute

shakespeare.wordtab and shakespeare.wordtab.sorted. Check that you have done this right by

printing out the new 25 most commonly used words, and verifying (just visually) that is overlaps with

your solution to the last question.

? 3e. produce a plot of the word counts (y-axis) versus the ranks (x-axis) in shakespeare.wordtab.sorted.

Set xlim=c(1,1000) as an argument to plot(); this restricts the plotting window to just the first

1000 ranks, which is helpful here to see the trend more clearly. Do you see Zipf’s law in action, i.e.,

does it appear that Frequency ≈ C(1/Rank)

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(for some C, a)? Challenge: either programmatically,

or manually, determine reasonably-well-fitting values of C, a for the Shakespeare data set; then draw

the curve y = C(1/x)

a on top of your plot as a red line to show how well it fits.

A tiny bit of regular expressions

? 4a. There are a couple of issues with the way we’ve built our words in shakespeare.words. The first

is that capitalization matters; from Q3c, you should have seen that “and” and “And” are counted

as separate words. The second is that many words contain punctuation marks (and so, aren’t really

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words in the first place); to see this, retrieve the count corresponding to “and,” in your word table

shakespeare.wordtab. Fix these problems to define new words shakespeare.words.new. Then, delete

all empty strings from this vector, and compute word table from it, called shakespeare.wordtab.new.

? 4b. Compare the length of shakespeare.words.new to that of shakespeare.words; also compare

the length of shakespeare.wordtab.new to that of shakespeare.wordtab. Explain what you are

observing.

? 4c. Compute the unique words in shakespeare.words.new, calling the result shakespeare.words.new.unique.

Then repeat the queries in Q2e and Q2f on shakespeare.words.new.unique. Comment on the

histogram—is it different in any way than before? How about the top 5 longest words?

? 4d. Sort shakespeare.wordtab.new so that its entries (counts) are in decreasing order, and save the

result as shakespeare.wordtab.sorted.new. Print out the 25 most common words and their counts,

and compare them (informally) to what you saw in Q3d. Also, produce a plot of the new word counts,

as you did in Q3e. Does Zipf’s law look like it still holds?

Where are Shakespeare’s plays, in this massive text?

? 5a. Let’s go back to shakespeare.lines. Take a look at lines 19 through 23 of this vector: you should

see a bunch of spaces preceding the text in lines 21, 22, and 23. Redefine shakespeare.lines by

setting it equal to the output of calling the function trimws() on shakespeare.lines. Print out lines

19 through 23 again, and describe what’s happened.

? 5b. Open the file “shakespeare.txt” with your notebook application and just skim through this text

file. Near the top you’ll see a table of contents. Note that “THE SONNETS” is the first play, and

“VENUS AND ADONIS” is the last. Using which(), find the indices of the lines in shakespeare.lines

that equal “THE SONNETS”, report the index of the first such occurence, and store it as toc.start.

Similarly, find the indices of the lines in shakespeare.lines that equal “VENUS AND ADONIS”,

report the index of the first such occurence, and store it as toc.end.

? 5c. Define n = toc.end - toc.start + 1, and create an empty string vector of length n called

titles. Using a for() loop, populate titles with the titles of Shakespeare’s plays as ordered in

the table of contents list, with the first being “THE SONNETS”, and the last being “VENUS AND

ADONIS”. Print out the resulting titles vector to the console. Hint: if you define the counter variable

i in your for() loop to run between 1 and n, then you will have to index shakespeare.lines carefully

to extract the correct titles. Think about the following. When i=1, you want to extract the title of

the first play in shakespeare.lines, which is located at index toc.start. When i=2, you want to

extract the title of the second play, which is located at index toc.start + 1. And so on.

? 5d. Use a for() loop to find out, for each play, the index of the line in shakespeare.lines at which

this play begins. It turns out that the second occurence of “THE SONNETS” in shakespeare.lines

is where this play actually begins (this first ocurrence is in the table of contents), and so on, for

each play title. Use your for() loop to fill out an integer vector called titles.start, containing the

indices at which each of Shakespeare’s plays begins in shakespeare.lines. Print the resulting vector

titles.start to the console.

? 5e. Challenge Define titles.end to be an integer vector of the same length as titles.start, whose

first element is the second element in titles.start minus 1, whose second element is the third element

in titles.start minus 1, and so on. What this means: we are considering the line before the second

play begins to be the last line of the first play, and so on. Define the last element in titles.end to

be the length of shakespeare.lines. You can solve this question either with a for() loop, or with

proper indexing and vectorization.

? 5f. Challenge: it’s not really correct to set the last element in titles.end to be length of

shakespeare.lines, because there is a footer at the end of the Shakespeare data file. By look-

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ing at the data file visually, come up with a way to programmatically determine the index of the last

line of the last play, and implement it.

? 5g. In Q5d, you should have seen that the starting index of Shakespeare’s 38th play “THE TWO

NOBLE KINSMEN” was computed to be NA, in the vector titles.start. Why? If you run

which(shakespeare.lines == "THE TWO NOBLE KINSMEN") in your console, you will see that there

is only one occurence of “THE TWO NOBLE KINSMEN” in shakespeare.lines, and this occurs in

the table of contents. So there was no second occurence, hence the resulting NA value.

But now take a look at line 118,463 in shakespeare.lines: you will see that it is “THE TWO NOBLE

KINSMEN:”, so this is really where the second play starts, but because of colon “:” at the end of

the string, this doesn’t exactly match the title “THE TWO NOBLE KINSMEN”, as we were looking

for. The advantage of using the grep() function, versus checking for exact equality of strings, is that

grep() allows us to match substrings. Specifically, grep() returns the indices of the strings in a vector

for which a substring match occurs, e.g.,

grep(pattern="cat",

x=c("cat", "canned goods", "batman", "catastrophe", "tomcat"))

## [1] 1 4 5

so we can see that in this example, grep() was able to find substring matches to “cat” in the first, fourth,

and fifth strings in the argument x. Redefine titles.start by repeating the logic in your solution to

Q5d, but replacing the which() command in the body of your for() loop with an appropriate call to

grep(). Also, redefine titles.end by repeating the logic in your solution to Q5e. Print out the new

vectors titles.start and titles.end to the console—they should be free of NA values.

Extracting and analysing a couple of plays

? 6a. Let’s look at two of Shakespeare’s most famous tragedies. Programmatically find the index at which

“THE TRAGEDY OF HAMLET, PRINCE OF DENMARK” occurs in the titles vector. Use this

to find the indices at which this play starts and ends, in the titles.start and titles.end vectors,

respectively. Call the lines of text corresponding to this play shakespeare.lines.hamlet. How many

such lines are there? Do the same, but now for the play “THE TRAGEDY OF ROMEO AND JULIET”,

and call the lines of text corresponding to this play shakespeare.lines.romeo. How many such lines

are there?

? 6b. Repeat the analysis, outlined in Q4, on shakespeare.lines.hamlet. (This should mostly just

involve copying and pasting code as needed.) That is, to be clear:

– collapse shakespeare.lines.hamlet into one big string, separated by spaces;

– convert this string into all lower case characters;

– divide this string into words, by splitting on spaces or on punctuation marks, using

split="[[:space:]]|[[:punct:]]" in the call to strsplit();

– remove all empty words (equal to the empty string “”), and report how many words remain;

– compute the unique words, report the number of unique words, and plot a histogram of their

numbers of characters;

– report the 5 longest words;

– compute a word table, and report the 25 most common words and their counts;

– finally, produce a plot of the word counts verus rank.

? 6c. Repeat the same task as in the last part, but on shakespeare.lines.romeo. (Again, this should

just involve copying and pasting code as needed. P.S. Isn’t this getting tiresome? You’ll be happy when

we learn functions, next week!) Comment on any similarities/differences you see in the answers.

? 6d. Challenge. Using a for() loop and the titles.start, titles.end vectors constructed above,

answer the following questions. What is Shakespeare’s longest play (in terms of the number of words)?

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What is Shakespeare’s shortest play? In which play did Shakespeare use his longest word (in terms of

the number of characters)? Are there any plays in which “the” is not the most common word?

Getting lines of text play-by-play

? 7a. Below is the get.wordtab.from.txt(). Modify this function so that the string vectors lines

and words are both included as named components in the returned list. For good practice, update

the documentation in comments to reflect your changes. Then call this function on the text file for

the Shakespeare’s complete works (with the rest of the arguments at their default values) and save

the result as shakespeare.wordobj. Using head(), display the first several elements of (definitely not

all of!) the lines, words, and wordtab components of shakespeare.wordobj, just to check that the

output makes sense to you.

# get.wordtab.from.txt: get a word table from text

# Inputs:

# - str.txt: string, specifying the file name

# - split: string, specifying what to split on. Default is the regex pattern

# "[[:space:]]|[[:punct:]]"

# - tolower: Boolean, TRUE if words should be converted to lower case before

# the word table is computed. Default is TRUE

# - keep.nums: Boolean, TRUE if words containing numbers should be kept in the

# word table. Default is FALSE

# Output: list, containing lines, words, word table, and some basic summaries

get.wordtab.from.txt = function(str.txt, split="[[:space:]]|[[:punct:]]",

tolower=TRUE, keep.nums=FALSE) {

lines = readLines(str.txt)

text = paste(lines, collapse=" ")

words = strsplit(text, split=split)[[1]]

words = words[words != ""]

# Convert to lower case, if we're asked to

if (tolower) words = tolower(words)

# Get rid of words with numbers, if we're asked to

if (!keep.nums)

words = grep("[0-9]", words, inv=TRUE, val=TRUE)

# Compute the word table

wordtab = table(words)

return(list(wordtab=wordtab,

number.unique.words=length(wordtab),

number.total.words=sum(wordtab),

longest.word=words[which.max(nchar(words))]))

}

? 7b. Go back and look Q5, where you located Shakespeare’s plays in the lines of text for Shakespeare’s

complete works. Set shakespeare.lines = shakespeare.wordobj$lines, and then rerun

your solution code (or the rerun the official solution code, if you’d like) for Q5 on the lines of text

stored in shakespeare.lines. You should end up with two vectors titles.start and titles.end,

containing the start and end positions of each of Shakespeare’s plays in shakespeare.lines. Print out

titles.start and titles.end to the console.

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? 7c. Create a list shakespeare.lines.by.play of length equal to the number of Shakespeare’s plays (a

number you should have already computed in the solution to the last question). Using a for() loop, and

relying on titles.start and titles.end, extract the appropriate subvector of shakespeare.lines

for each of Shakespeare’s plays, and store it as a component of shakespeare.lines.by.play.

That is, shakespeare.lines.by.play[[1]] should contain the lines for Shakespeare’s first play,

shakespeare.lines.by.play[[2]] should contain the lines for Shakespeare’s second play, and so on.

Name the components of shakespeare.lines.by.play according to the titles of the plays.

? 7d. Using one of the apply functions, along with head(), print the first 4 lines of each of Shakespeare’s

plays to the console (sorry graders . . . ). This should only require one line of code.

Getting word tables play-by-play

? 8a. Define a function get.wordtab.from.lines() to have the same argument structure as

get.wordtab.from.txt(), except that the first argument of get.wordtab.from.lines() should

be lines, a string vector passed by the user that contains lines of text to be processed. The

body of get.wordtab.from.lines() should be the same as get.wordtab.from.txt(), except

that lines is passed and does not need to be computed using readlines(). The output of

get.wordtab.from.lines() should be the same as get.wordtab.from.txt(), except that lines

does not need to be returned as a component. For good practice, incude documentation for your

get.wordtab.from.lines() function in comments.

? 8b. Using a for() loop or one of the apply functions (your choice here), run the get.wordtab.from.lines()

function on each of the components of shakespeare.lines.by.play, (with the rest of the arguments

at their default values). Save the result in a list called shakespeare.wordobj.by.play. That is,

shakespeare.wordobj.by.play[[1]] should contain the result of calling this function on the lines for

the first play, shakespeare.wordobj.by.play[[2]] should contain the result of calling this function

on the lines for the second play, and so on.

? 8c. Using one of the apply functions, compute numeric vectors shakespeare.total.words.by.play

and shakespeare.unique.words.by.play, that contain the number of total words and number of

unique words, respectively, for each of Shakespeare’s plays. Each vector should only require one line

of code to compute. Hint: "[["() is actually a function that allows you to do extract a named

component of a list; e.g., try "[["(shakespeare.wordobj, "number.total.words"), and you’ll see

this is the same as shakespeare.wordobj[["number.total.words"]]; you should take advantage of

this functionality in your apply call. What are the 5 longest plays, in terms of total word count? The 5

shortest plays?

? 8d. Plot the number of unique words versus number of total words, across Shakeapeare’s plays. Set

the title and label the axes appropriately. Is there a consistent trend you notice?

Refactoring the word table functions

? 9. Look back at get.wordtab.from.lines() and get.wordtab.from.txt(). Note that they overlap

heavily, i.e., their bodies contain a lot of the same code. Redefine get.wordtab.from.txt() so that

it just calls get.wordtab.from.lines() in its body. Your new get.wordtab.from.txt() function

should have the same inputs as before, and produce the same output as before. So externally, nothing

will have changed; we are just changing the internal structure of get.wordtab.from.txt() to clean

up our code base (specifically, to avoid code duplication in our case). This is an example of code

refactoring.

Call your new get.wordtab.from.txt() function on the txt for Shakespeare’s complete works, saving

the result as shakespeare.wordobj2. Compare some of the components of shakespeare.wordobj2 to

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those of shakespeare.wordobj (which was computed using the old function definition) to check that

your new implementation works as it should.

? Challenge. Check using all.equal() whether shakespeare.wordobj and shakespeare.wordobj2

are the same. Likely, this will not return TRUE. (If it does, then you’ve already solved this challenge

question!) Modify your get.wordtab.from.txt() function from the last question, so that it still calls

get.wordtab.from.lines() to do the hard work, but produces an output exactly the same as the

original shakespeare.wordobj object. Demonstrate your suc

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