代写MAS223留学生、代做Statistical Modelling、R代写、R编程语言调试

日期：2019-05-13 10:13

MAS223 Statistical Modelling

Practical 4

This practical counts for 10% of your mark on this module. Submit your report to the

dropbox outside Hicks Reception (F10) by Monday 13th May, 4pm. Please make sure you

hand-in on time and in the correct location. In line with university policy, for every

university working day late a submission is the awarded mark will be reduced. 5 working days

after the deadline there is a cut-off after which a mark of 0 will be returned.

Download and complete an assignment cover sheet, before submitting your work.

This practical is assessed, so your submitted report must be entirely your own work. Do

not ask the lecturer or tutors any questions about this practical. Also be aware of

the University guidelines on plagiarism (https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/ssid/exams/plagiarism).

Your work may be cross-referenced for plagiarism with assignments from previous years,

as well as this year.

1 Background

In 2011, the UK Government announced plans for a major re-organisation of the National

Health Service. The Health and Social Care Bill 20111

included plans to abolish primary care

trusts, and transfer their control of the budget (about 80% of the total) to consortia of GPs

and other clinicians2

. In justifying the plans, former Health Secretary Andrew Lansley argued

that “We don’t get the results we should compared with other European countries; if we did

we would save thousands of lives.”3 Other criticisms of previous health-care provision included

the claims “Someone in this country is twice as likely to die from a heart attack as someone in

France” and “survival rates from cervical, colorectal and breast cancer are amongst the worst

in the OECD”4

. These claims themselves have been criticised, and it has been suggested that

life expectancy is a more reliable indicator of “health experience”5

.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) published data on health expenditure in each country,

together with outcomes such as life expectancy6

. Some data has been extracted from the

WHO database, and is stored in the dataset who, within the R workspace MAS223.RData. As

well as expenditure, the dataset includes other variables that may influence health outcomes:

tobacco consumption, alcohol consumption, and obesity rates. The countries listed are the

member states of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)7

(with Luxembourg omitted, as not all data were available). The variables recorded were from

the WHO Global Health Observatory in February 2011.

expenditure: total expenditure per person on health, measured in purchasing power

parity (PPP) international dollars. (Two countries with equal expenditure using this

measure should be able to buy, approximately, the same goods and services).

life: life expectancy at birth, in years.

tobacco: Percentage of tobacco user among adults ( ≥15 years), averaged over males and

females.

alcohol: Alcohol consumption among adults (≥15 years) (litres of pure alcohol per year)

obesity: Percentage of adults classified as obese ( ≥15 years), averaged over males and

females.

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2 Tasks

1. Using the available data, assess the 2011 performance of UK healthcare compared to

healthcare in other OECD countries.

2. Write up your findings in a brief report (maximum of four pages, including graphs, but

excluding an appendix with R code). You will be graded on clarity of expression and

reasoning, as well as correctness of answers.

3 References

1. Department of Health, 2011. Health and Social Care Bill 2011 [Online]. Available at:

www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/

Legislation/Actsandbills/HealthandSocialCareBill2011 [Accessed 07/02/11].

2. BBC News, 2012. Q&A; The NHS shake-up. Available at:

www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-12177084 [Accessed 28/03/12].

3. BBC News, 2011. Andrew Lansley plays down risks of his NHS changes [Online]. Available

at: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12318177 [Accessed 07/02/11].

4. Montgomorie, T., 2011. The myths and the facts about the NHS reforms [Online]. Available

at: conservativehome.blogs.com/thetorydiary/2011/01/

the-myths-and-the-facts-about-the-nhs-reforms-savethenhs [Accessed 07/02/11].

5. Campbell, M., 2011. Watch out for abuse of statistics in health policy [Online]. Available

at www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/feb/01/health-statistics-policy [Accessed

07/02/11].

6. World Health Organisation, 2011. WHO Global Health Observatory [Online]. Available

at apps.who.int/ghodata [Accessed 07/02/11].

7. OECD, 2011. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [Online]. Available

at www.oecd.org [Accessed 07/02/11].

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